Pit emptying subsidy vouchers: a two-phased targeting and structuring experiment in Blantyre, Malawi

The removal of excreta or faecal sludge from full pit latrines – emptying is essential to extend the life sanitation technology, especially for millions users living in dense, urban areas Global South. Unfortunately, pit-emptying rarely practiced due factors related accessibility, disgust, and importantly, cost. We examined impact two different types vouchers distributed Blantyre, Malawi, understand if how subsidies could increase practice low-income areas. found that businesses were able game system charge more money on top discount first study which 21% redeemed 252 distributed. In a follow-up study, 25% 400 with rigorous subsidy targeting structuring. discuss why complex drivers adoption among households require further research.